Green Mobility Magazine Issue V 
References

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Green Mobility as Strategic Infrastructure for European Defence

By Mohsen Behzad Karimi, EU Correspondent & Analyst, Green Mobility Magazine

[1] D. Criekemans, Geopolitiek: ‘Geografie is te belangrijk om aan geografen over te laten’. Antwerp, Belgium: Garant, 2010.

[2]  M. Kofman and R. Lee, “Not Built for Purpose: the Russian Military’s Ill-Fated Force Design,” War on the Rocks, Jun. 02, 2022. https://warontherocks.com/2022/06/not-built-for-purpose-the-russian-militarys-ill-fated-force-design/

[3] European Commission, Action Plan on Military Mobility 2.0. Brussels, Belgium, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/infrastructure-and-investment/military-mobility_en

[4] NATO, NATO Strategic Concept 2022. Madrid, Spain, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.nato.int/strategic-concept

[5] European Defence Agency, Energy and Environment in Defence. Brussels, Belgium, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/activities/activities-search/energy-and-environment

[6] European Commission, TEN-T Comprehensive Network Investment Needs. Brussels, Belgium, 2021.

[7] International Union of Railways (UIC), Rail Infrastructure Costs and Investment Benchmarks. Paris, France, 2020.

We Know Enough to Act On Aviation’s Non-CO2 Impacts

Dr. James Kershaw is a Scientific Officer at Opportunity Green

[1] M. Klöwer et al. ‘Quantifying Aviation’s Contribution to Global Warming.’ 16 Environmental Research Letters 104027. 2021

[2] S. Gössling and A. Humpe. ‘The Global Scale, Distribution and Growth of Aviation: Implications for Climate Change.’ 65 Global Environmental Change 102194. 2020

[3] Opportunity Green and Transport & Environment, ‘Countries obliged to include aviation contrails in climate plans under Paris Agreement, new legal advice shows.’ 2025. Accessed 5th January 2026 from https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/countries-to-include-contrails-in-climate-plans-legal-advice

[4] D. S. Lee et al. ‘The Contribution of Global Aviation to Anthropogenic Climate Forcing for 2000 to 2018.’ 244 Atmospheric Environment 117834. 2021

[5] S. Zheng et al. ‘Aviation Vision 2050: The potential for climate-neutral growth.’ 2025

[6] R. Teoh et al. ‘Global Aviation Contrail Climate Effects from 2019 to 2021.’ 24 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6071. 2024

[7] E. Terrenoire et al. ‘Impact of Present and Future Aircraft NOx and Aerosol Emissions on Atmospheric Composition and Associated Direct Radiative Forcing of Climate.’ 22 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11987. 2022

[8] Carbon Market Watch, ‘EU ETS vs CORSIA: Which better navigates the turbulence of the climate crisis?’ 2024

[9] IATA, ‘IATA’s position on non-CO2 emissions’ (no date). Accessed 5th January, 2026 from https://www.iata.org/en/programs/sustainability/non-co2-emissions-contrails/

[10] Airlines for Europe, ‘A4E Position Paper on non-CO₂ MRV and Mitigation.’ 2026. Accessed 27th January, 2026 from https://a4e.eu/publications/a4e-position-paper-on-non-co%e2%82%82-mrv-and-mitigation/

[11] D. Bourguignon. ‘The precautionary principle: Definitions, applications and governance’ 2015.
[12] EUR-Lex, ‘Precautionary principle’ (no date). Accessed 21st January, 2026 from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/glossary/precautionary-principle.html

[13] Opportunity Green and Small World Consulting, ‘Controlling contrails: A policymaker’s guide to reducing aviation emissions.’ 2025

[14] L. Megill, K. Deck and V. Grewe. ‘Alternative Climate Metrics to the Global Warming Potential Are More Suitable for Assessing Aviation Non-CO2 Effects.’ 5 Communications Earth & Environment 249. 2024

[15] A, Borella et al. ‘The Importance of an Informed Choice of CO2-Equivalence Metrics for Contrail Avoidance.’ 24 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9401. 2024.

[16] Transport & Environment, ‘Contrail avoidance: aviation’s climate opportunity of the decade.’ 2024

[17] C. Voigt et al. ‘Cleaner Burning Aviation Fuels Can Reduce Contrail Cloudiness.’ 2 Communications Earth & Environment 114. 2021

[18] R. S. Märkl et al. ‘Powering Aircraft with 100 % Sustainable Aviation Fuel Reduces Ice Crystals in Contrails.’ 24 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 3813. 2024

[19] A. Kunkel, C. L. de la Osa García and D. Vitry. ‘Managing complexity: How to scale up contrail avoidance in Europe?’ 2026

[20] Opportunity Green, ‘Policy guide to the EU ETS for aviation.’ 2025

The Decisive Decade for Aviation Emissions

By Béatrice des Boscs, Climate Change Policy Analyst at InfluenceMap

[1] The Guardian, “Only seven new petrol-powered cars sold in Norway in January”, Accessed Monday 16 Jan [Online] Available: www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/06/only-seven-petrol-powered-cars-sold-in-norway-in-january

[2] European Union Aviation Safety Agency, “European Aviation Environmental Report 2025”, 2025. [Online] Available: https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/light/topics/european-aviation-environmental-report-2025

[3] SolarPower Europe, “The Rise of Solar PV in the EU – key facts”,  Accessed February 2026 [Online] Available: https://www.solarpowereurope.org/insights/interactive-data/total-eu-27-solar-pv-capacity-a-growth-story

[4] Climate Action Tracker, “International Aviation” page, October 2025. [Online] Available: https://climateactiontracker.org/sectors/aviation/

[5] InfluenceMap, “Corporate Capture and the UN International Civil Aviation Organization”, September 2025. [Online] Available: https://influencemap.org/report/ICAO-Corporate-Capture-2025

[6] Carbon Market Watch, “EU ETS vs CORSIA: Which better navigates the turbulence of the climate crisis?”, November 2024. [Online] Available: https://carbonmarketwatch.org/publications/eu-ets-vs-corsia-which-better-navigates-the-turbulence-of-the-climate-crisis/

[7] InfluenceMap, “Corporate Capture and the UN International Civil Aviation Organization”, October 2022. [Online] Available: https://automotive.influencemap.org/report/Corporate-Capture-of-the-UN-International-Civil-Aviation-Organization-19779

[8] Tourism Panel on Climate Change, “Climate Change Mitigation Policy of International Aviation”, 2024. [Online] Available: https://tpcc.info/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/tpcc-aviation-report.pdf

[9] InfluenceMap, “Sustainable Aviation Fuel Investor Briefing”, January 2026. [Online] Available: https://influencemap.org/briefing/Sustainable-Aviation-Fuel-Investor-Briefing-35413

[10]  InfluenceMap, “The EU Emissions Trading System for Aviation: New Lobbying Trends for 2025”, January 2025. [Online] Available:

https://influencemap.org/briefing/The-EU-Emissions-System-for-Aviation-New-Lobbying-Trends-for-2025-35464

Aligning the UK ETS with the EU ETS: The Keystone for Clean Shipping

By Ariana Makinson, Sustainable Shipping Senior Officer, T&E UK

[1] UK Government, “More than £1.1 billion investment to boost growth, jobs and skills in UK’s coastal towns and cities,” GOV.UK, Sep. 15, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/more-than-11-billion-investment-to-boost-growth-jobs-and-skills-in-uks-coastal-towns-and-cities. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2025.

[2] Marine Capital Ltd., UK Maritime Decarbonisation Report, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.marine-capital.co.uk/ukmaritimedecarbonisationreport/. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2025.

[3] International Maritime Organization, “Improving the energy efficiency of ships,” IMO. [Online]. Available: https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/environment/pages/improving%20the%20energy%20efficiency%20of%20ships.aspx. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2026.

[4] Transport & Environment, June 2025 ETS consultation briefing, July 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/June_2025_ETS_consultation.pdf. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2026.

[5] European Commission, “Commission unveils the Sustainable Transport Investment Plan: A strategic approach to boost renewable and low-carbon fuels for aviation and waterborne transport,” Transport — European Commission, Nov. 5, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://transport.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/commission-unveils-sustainable-transport-investment-plan-strategic-approach-boost-renewable-and-low-2025-11-05_en. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2026.

[6] Gouvernement français, “Décarbonation, lutte contre la pêche illégale et les pollutions : un plan pour garantir notre souveraineté maritime,” info.gouv.fr, May 26, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.info.gouv.fr/actualite/decarbonation-lutte-contre-la-peche-illegale-et-les-pollutions-un-plan-pour-garantir-notre-souverainete-maritime. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2026.

[7] Assemblée nationale, Amendement n° 2147 (Rect) au projet de loi de finances pour 2026 (no 2247), Jan. 9, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/17/amendements/2247/AN/2147.pdf. Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026.

[8] Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana (Mitma), “Comunicado de prensa, 18 Noviembre 2025,” Transportes.gob.es. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportes.gob.es/ministerio/comunicacion/sala-prensa/mar-18112025-1409. Accessed: Jan. 29, 2026.

[9] Transport & Environment, T&E UK’s response to the ETS International Maritime Emissions Consultation, Jan. 23, 2026. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/TE-Response-on-UK-ETS-International-Maritime-Emissions-Consultation.pdf. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2026.

[10] Transport & Environment, Briefing – UK shipping ETS: Last chance saloon to make polluters pay, Feb. 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/Briefing_lost_at_sea.pdf. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2026.

[11] Transport & Environment, “T&E and economists to CX on expanding UK shipping ETS,” Oct. 16, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportenvironment.org/uploads/files/TE-and-economists-to-CX-on-expanding-UK-shipping-ETS-Oct-24.pdf. Accessed: Dec. 18, 2025.

[12] UK Chamber of Shipping, UK shipping’s route to decarbonisation: Decarbonisation timeline, Nov. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.ukchamberofshipping.com/sites/default/files/2024-11/UKCoS%20DecarbTimeline%20AW2%20DIGITAL%20150dpi.pdf. Accessed: Jan. 27, 2026.

[13] UK Government, Maritime Decarbonisation Strategy, GOV.UK, Mar. 25, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maritime-decarbonisation-strategy. Accessed: Dec. 19, 2025.

Accelerating Toward Sustainability: Artificial Intelligence’s Transformative Impact on Mobility

Authors: Giulio Salvadori, Elisa Vannini, Flavia Belluscio, Giulio Lerose, Giulia Sautto – Connected Vehicle & Mobility Observatory, Politecnico di Milano

[1] Accenture, “Advancing from Practice to Performance the Art of AI Maturity Contents,” Accenture, 2022. https://www.accenture.com/content/dam/system-files/acom/custom-code/ai-maturity/Accenture-Art-of-AI-Maturity-Report-Global-Revised.pdf

[2] Capgemini, “Harnessing the Value of Generative AI,” Capgemini, 2024. https://www.capgemini.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Final-Web-Version-Report-Gen-AI-in-Organization-Refresh.pdf

[3] European Union, “Regulation – EU – 2024/1689 – EN – EUR-Lex,” Europa.eu, Jun. 13, 2024. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng

[4] Precedence Research, “Artificial Intelligence Market Size, Growth, Report 2022-2030,” www.precedenceresearch.com, Sep. 29, 2025. https://www.precedenceresearch.com/artificial-intelligence-market

[5] Connected Vehicle & Mobility Observatory, Politecnico di Milano, AI in the Automotive value chain, n-77 AI applications, 2025.

[6] The Politecnico, “The Car Sharing of the Future,” Polimi.it, Jan. 27, 2025. https://www.polimi.it/en/the-politecnico/news/news-detail/the-car-sharing-of-the-future

[7] Connected Vehicle & Mobility Observatory, Politecnico di Milano, Autonomous Valet Parking in Shared Mobility, 2025.

[8] European Investment Bank, “Germany: EIB Backs Vay’s Launch of Teledriven car-sharing Services,” European Investment Bank, Oct. 17, 2024. https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2024-377-eib-backs-vay-s-launch-of-teledriven-car-sharing-services

[9] Connected Vehicle & Mobility Observatory, Politecnico di Milano, Sustainability Impact of Smart Vehicles, 2024. ?

[10] European Environment Agency, “Greenhouse gas emissions from transport in Europe,” www.eea.europa.eu, Nov. 06, 2025. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-transport

The Power of Public Transport Compels You

Chun Ting Lee, Junior Writer, Green Mobility Magazine

[1] ‘Global Traffic Scorecard | INRIX Global Traffic Rankings’. Accessed: Oct. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://inrix.com/scorecard/

[2] M. Won, T. Park, and S. H. Son, ‘Toward Mitigating Phantom Jam Using Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1313–1324, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2016.2605925.

[3] S. Tadaki et al., ‘Phase transition in traffic jam experiment on a circuit’, New Journal of Physics, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 103034, Oct. 2013, doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/15/10/103034.

[4] K. Goldmann and G. Sieg, ‘Economic implications of phantom traffic jams: evidence from traffic experiments’, Transportation Letters, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 386–390, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1080/19427867.2019.1611077.

[5] T. G. Molnar and G. Orosz, ‘Destroying Phantom Jams with Connectivity and Automation: Nonlinear Dynamics and Control of Mixed Traffic’, Transportation Science, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1319–1334, 2024, doi: 10.1287/trsc.2023.0498.

[6] A. Anas, S. D. Sarkar, and G. R. Timilsina, ‘Bus Rapid Transit versus road expansion to alleviate congestion: A general equilibrium comparison’, Economics of Transportation, vol. 26–27, p. 100220, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecotra.2021.100220.

[7] ‘EU invests 2.8 billion in 94 transport projects to boost sustainable and connected mobility across Europe – EU Urban Mobility Observatory’. Accessed: Oct. 23, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://urban-mobility-observatory.transport.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/eu-invests-28-billion-94-transport-projects-boost-sustainable-and-connected-mobility-across-europe-2025-07-11_en

One Short Trek to the Station, One Major Hurdle for Society – The First Mile Last Mile Problem

By Chun Ting Lee, Junior Writer, Green Mobility Magazine

[1] S. Rasca and N. Saeed, “Exploring the factors influencing the use of public transport by commuters living in networks of small cities and towns,” Travel Behaviour and Society, vol. 28, pp. 249-263, 2022.

[2] E. Sogbe, S. Susilawati, G. Currie, and C. P. Tan, ‘Exploring factors influencing first-mile and last-mile connections to public transport from car users’ perspective: Evidence from Greater Accra, Ghana’, Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 126, p. 104240, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2025.104240.

[3] ‘LINC – Transforming Urban Planning Providing Autonomous Collective mobility’, LINC – Transforming Urban Planning Providing Autonomous Collective mobility. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/albertslund

[4] ‘LOOP CITY by BIG – Bjarke Ingels Group’, Architizer. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://architizer.com/projects/loop-city/

[5] ‘LINC – Transforming Urban Planning Providing Autonomous Collective mobility’, LINC – Transforming Urban Planning Providing Autonomous Collective mobility. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/uia-cities/albertslund

[6] ‘LINC Project Journal 6 – looking back one year after’, UIA – Urban Innovative Actions. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.uia-initiative.eu/en/news/linc-project-journal-6-looking-back-one-year-after

[7] A. S. Kang, K. C. W. Lim, L.-P. Wong, W. P. Wong, and M. N. A. Wahab, ‘Breaking the drive: Leveraging demand-responsive buses to transform first-mile and last-mile commute behaviour’, Research in Transportation Business & Management, vol. 62, p. 101460, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101460.

[8] ‘Making mobility more demand-responsive’, Interreg Central Europe. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.interreg-central.eu/projects/dream-pace/

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[10] S. Sarasini, M. Karlsson, G. Smith, J. Sochor, and H. Strömberg, ‘MaaS is user-centric, or is it? Evidence from Swedish piloting activities, Research in Transportation Business & Management, vol. 62, p. 101446, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2025.101446.

[11] ‘Digital solutions for sustainable urban mobility | Interreg Europe’. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.interregeurope.eu/maasolutions

[12] ‘EIT Urban Mobility backs coalition for automated public transport’, EIT Urban Mobility. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.eiturbanmobility.eu/european-coalition-for-shared-automated-mobility/

[13] ‘Microhubs as the future of last-mile logistics – European Commission’. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://urban-mobility-observatory.transport.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/microhubs-future-last-mile-logistics-2025-04-14_en

[14] ‘Active mobility: walking and cycling – European Commission’. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://transport.ec.europa.eu/transport-themes/urban-transport/active-mobility-walking-and-cycling_en

[15] M. Walch, A. Schirrer, and M. Neubauer, ‘Impact assessment of cooperative intelligent transport systems (C-ITS): a structured literature review’, European Transport Research Review, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 11, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1186/s12544-024-00702-9.

[16] ‘State of European Transport 2024’, T&E. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.transportenvironment.org/state-of-european-transport/state-of-transport

[17] ‘Transport energy and environment: data tables (ENV)’, GOV.UK. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/energy-and-environment-data-tables-env

[18] ‘CO2 emissions from new cars by country’, ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.acea.auto/figure/average-co2-emissions-from-new-passenger-cars-by-eu-country/

[19] ‘Transportation – Carbon Emissions Calculator’. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.energysequel.eu/transportation/

[20] D. Harari, ‘London’s contribution to the national economy’, Sep. 2025, Accessed: Sep. 24, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2025-0153/

[21] J. Stanley, J. Stanley, D. Vella-Brodrick, and G. Currie, ‘The place of transport in facilitating social inclusion via the mediating influence of social capital’, Research in Transportation Economics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 280–286, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2010.07.035.

[22] ‘Transportation – Carbon Emissions Calculator’. Accessed: Sep. 16, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.energysequel.eu/transportation/

The Quiet Transition: Europe’s Small and Medium-Sized Towns and Cities Lead the Transition Towards Sustainable Mobility

By Marie Urfels

[1] Eurostat, “Number of Cars per Inhabitant Increased in 2021 – Products Eurostat News – Eurostat,” ec.europa.eu, May 30, 2023. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20230530-1

[2] European Environment Agency, “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport in Europe,” www.eea.europa.eu, Nov. 06, 2025. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-transport

[3] European Commission, “The New EU Urban Mobility Framework ,” Dec. 2025. https://transport.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-12/com_2021_811_the-new-eu-urban-mobility.pdf

[4] Fare Free Public Transport, “Fare Free Public Transport | Information about Cities with Fare Free Public Transport,” Freepublictransport.info, 2025. https://freepublictransport.info

[5] D. Štraub, W. Kębłowski, and M. Maciejewska, “From Bełchatów to Żory: Charting Poland’s Geography of fare-free Public Transport Programmes,” Journal of Transport Geography, vol. 111, p. 103650, Jul. 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103650.

[6] OECD/European Commission, Cities in the World: a New Perspective on Urbanisation, OECD Urban Studies. OECD, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/d0efcbda-en.

[7] M. Wagner and A. Growe, “Research on Small and Medium-Sized Cities: Framing a New Field of Inquiry,” World, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 105–126, Feb. 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/world2010008.

[8] S. Kah, “The Rise of the Small Town: Policies for Small and Medium-sized Towns,” University of Strathclyde Publishing, Nov. 2024. https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/91805/1/Kah-EoRPA-2024-The-Rise-of-the-small-town-policies-for-small.pdf

[9] Verkehrsverbund Warnow GmbH , “Kostenfreie Citybuslinie in Bad Doberan,” Aug. 2020. https://www.verkehrsverbund-warnow.de/files/pdf/PM_04-20_Kostenfreie%20Citybuslinie%20in%20Bad%20Doberan_20200826.pdf

[10] S. Forestier, “C’est Pratique Et J’économise De L’essence : À Compiègne, Les Bus Sont Gratuits Depuis 50 Ans,” leparisien.fr, Oct. 04, 2025. https://www.leparisien.fr/oise-60/cest-pratique-et-jeconomise-de-lessence-a-compiegne-les-bus-sont-gratuits-depuis-50-ans-04-10-2025-NTYYARJKHJE4RBHLU45T4E3W34.php

[11] K. Hebel, M. Wołek, and A. Jagiełło, “Trends in Free Fare Transport on the Urban Transport Service Market in Poland,” Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, pp. 208–217, Aug. 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99477-2_19.

[12] Niort agglo du, “Depuis Cinq ans, Le Bus est gratuit !,” Niortagglo.fr, Aug. 31, 2022. https://www.niortagglo.fr/details-de-lactualite/depuis-cinq-ans-le-bus-est-gratuit/index.html

[13] Der Tagesspiegel, “Ohne Verbrenner-Verbot in der Innenstadt: Berliner CDU fordert 75 Prozent emissionsfreie Fahrzeuge bis 2030,” Tagesspiegel.de, Feb. 03, 2023. https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/ohne-verbrenner-verbot-in-der-innenstadt-berliner-cdu-fordert-75-prozent-emissionsfreie-fahrzeuge-bis-2030-9292139.html

[14] N. Kampmann, “Parking in Copenhagen Becomes a Controversial Election Issue – the Copenhagen Post,” The Copenhagen Post, May 20, 2025. https://cphpost.dk/2025-05-20/news/politics/parking-in-copenhagen-becomes-a-controversial-election-issue

Securing Europe’s Public Transport: Cybersecurity, Geopolitics and Strategic Energy Choices

By Taulant Zeqiri, PhD.

[1] Ruter, “Cybersecurity Assessment of Electric Buses,” Oslo, 2023.

[2] Danish Emergency Management Agency, “Assessment of Chinese Electric Buses,” Copenhagen, 2023.

[3] ENISA, “Transport Threat Landscape 2023.”

[4] UITP, “European Bus Market Report 2025,” Brussels, 2025.

[5] European Commission, “Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2),” Brussels, 2023.

How Cities Can Plan for Growing and Changing Deliveries

By Anusha Chitturi 

[1] EGUM Plenary, “Sustainable Urban Logistics Planning (SULP),” https://transport.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b818ff86-2463-4949-9413-d3ca559f60b9_en, Dec. 05, 2024. Available: https://transport.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b818ff86-2463-4949-9413-d3ca559f60b9_en

[2] World Economic Forum, “Transforming Urban Logistics: Sustainable and Efficient Last-Mile Delivery in Cities,” Dec. 2024. Available: https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Transforming_Urban_Logistics_2024.pdf

[3] G. Zegras, “Parcel Shipping Index,” 2023. Available: https://www.pitneybowes.com/content/dam/pitneybowes/us/en/shipping-index/23-mktc-03596-2023_global_parcel_shipping_index_ebook-web.pdf

[4] Ofcom, “Post Monitoring Report,” 2024. Available: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/postal-services/monitoring-reports/2023-2024/post-monitoring-report-2023-24.pdf?v=384016

[5] A. Calcabrini, N. Dodds, R. Anna, V. Gustavsson, and L. Mathieu, “‘Free Returns’ -Reducing Returns in the Online Fashion Industry,” 2020. Available: https://www.lse.ac.uk/PBS/assets/documents/PEL-coursework/Free-Returns-Reducing-Returns-in-the-Online-Fashion-PEL-coursework-2020-2021.pdf

[6] S. Clarke and J. Leonardi, “Parcels Deliveries with Electric Vehicles in Central London Cat 3 – Final Report ,” https://www.london.gov.uk/, Apr. 28, 2017. Available: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/single_carrier_consolidation_trial_using_electric_vehicles_finalreport-.pdf

Beyond Zero-Emission: Rethinking Performance Indicators for Urban Logistics Sustainability

By Berry Gerrits, Oskar Eikenbroek, and Yifei Yu

[1] Vega-Mejía, C.A., Montoya-Torres, J.R. & Islam, S.M.N. Consideration of triple bottom line objectives for sustainability in the optimization of vehicle routing and loading operations: a systematic literature review. Annals of Operations Research, 273, 311–375, 2019. 

[2] A. Galkin, L. Švadlenka, R. Vrba, and K. Kijewska, “Navigating the future of urban logistics: Conceptual framework for Dynamic Freight Management,” Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol. 147, 104956, 2025.

Implementing the EU High-Speed Rail Master Plan

By Elodie Petrozziello, Florence School of Regulation – Transport Area, EUI

[1]  Official Journal Of The European Union, 31991Y0208(01) – Council Resolution Of 17 December 1990 On The Development Of A European High-Speed Rail Network, Bruxelles: Publications Office Of The European Union, 1990.

[2] EUROPEAN COMMISSION, “COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Sustainable And Smart Mobility Strategy – Putting European Transport On Track For The Future,” 09 December 2020. [Online]. Available: Https://Eur-Lex.Europa.Eu/Legal-Content/EN/TXT/?Uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0789.

[3] European Commission, “Mission Letter: Apostolos Tzitzikostas: Commissioner-Designate For Sustainable Transport And Tourism,” 17 September 2024. [Online]. Available: Https://Commission.Europa.Eu/Document/Download/De676935-F28c-41c1-Bbd2-E54646c82941_En?Filename=Mission%20letter%20-%20TZITZIKOSTAS.Pdf.

[4] European Commission, “COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGION: A Competitiveness Compass For The EU,” 29 January 2025. [Online]. Available: Https://Commission.Europa.Eu/Document/Download/10017eb1-4722-4333-Add2-E0ed18105a34_En?Filename=Communication_1.Pdf.

[5] Official Journal Of The European Union, Regulation (EU) 2024/1679 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Of 13 June 2024 On Union Guidelines For The Development Of The Trans-European Transport Network, Amending Regulations (EU) 2021/1153 And (EU) No 913/2010 And Repealing Regulation (EU), Bruxelles: Publications Office Of The European Union, 2024.

[6] Directorate-General For Mobility And Transport, “New Action Plan: Boosting Long-Distance And Cross-Border Passenger Rail,” European Commission, 14 December 2021. [Online]. Available: Https://Transport.Ec.Europa.Eu/News-Events/News/Action-Plan-Boost-Passenger-Rail-2021-12-14_En.

[7] Community Of European Railway And Infrastructure Companies (CER), “Rail Sector Calls On Transport Ministers To Develop Sustainable, Future-Oriented EU Transport Policy,” 20 September 2024. [Online]. Available: Https://Www.Cer.Be/Cer-Press-Releases/Rail-Sector-Calls-On-Transport-Ministers-To-Develop-Sustainable-Future-Oriented-Eu-Transport-Policy.

[8] Official Journal Of The European Union, Directive (EU) 2023/959 Of The European Parliament And Of The Council Of 10 May 2023 Amending Directive 2003/87/EC Establishing A System For Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Within The Union And Decision (EU) 2015/1814 Concerning The Establishment And Operation Of A Market Stability Reserve For The Union Greenhouse Gas Emission Trading System (Text With EEA Relevance), Bruxelles: Publications Office Of The European Union, 2023.

[9] European Climate, Infrastructure And Environment Executive Agency, “CEF Transport: €2.8 Billion In 94 Projects To Boost Sustainable And Connected Mobility Across Europe,” 3 July 2025. [Online]. Available: Https://Cinea.Ec.Europa.Eu/News-Events/News/Cef-Transport-Eu28-Billion-94-Projects-Boost-Sustainable-And-Connected-Mobility-Across-Europe-2025-07-03_En.

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